1. Commentary

General economic situation, performance of newspapers vs. other media, newspaper launches / closures, advertising, media/press laws, and other changes in the country's newspaper industry.

2. Population

2.a Population by age and sex

World Press Trends uses the data from the World Bank, using a unified age groups structure: 0-14, 15-64, 65 +: http://www.worldbank.org

3. Number of titles and circulation

3.a Number of titles

Including numbers of titles, and not numbers of editions

• Title: Name of a specific newspaper; one title can represent one or more editions.
• Newspaper: Periodic publication intended for the general public and mainly designed to be a primary source of written information on current events connected with public affairs, international questions, politics, etc. It may also include articles on literary or other subjects, as well as illustrations and advertising. (UNESCO definition, adopted in 1998 by WAN in order to further standardise and thus facilitate international comparisons)
• Daily: Newspaper published at least four times a week. (UNESCO definition)
• Non-daily: Newspaper published three times a week or less. (UNESCO definition)
• Sunday: Newspaper published on Sundays only (UNESCO definition); Sunday or weekend editions of daily newspapers are not Sundays.
• Paid-for newspaper: Newspaper that sells any part of its circulation.
• Free newspaper: Newspaper distributed to its target audience at no charge; the titles applying a free/paid-for model, that is those which sell a part of their circulation, are not included among free titles, unless notified otherwise.
• National newspaper: Newspaper distributed within one country/nationwide.
• Regional/local newspaper: Newspaper distributed only within a limited geographical area of a country.
• Morning/forenoon daily: Daily newspaper distributed in the morning or before noon.
• Afternoon/PM/evening daily: Daily newspaper distributed in the afternoon or in the evening.

3.b Circulation

• Circulation: Number of copies of an issue of a newspaper which have been sold or distributed (delivered or handed out).
• Average daily circulation: Number of copies sold or distributed per issue on weekdays (Monday-Friday).
• Average non-daily circulation: Number of copies sold or distributed per issue of specific periodicity (thrice-weekly, bi-weekly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, other).
• Total average circulation: Number of copies of all titles sold or distributed in a country/geographical area per issue.

4. Sales

4.b Sales revenues

• Copy sales revenue: Revenue from sales of newspaper copies; one of the two main sources of newspaper revenues, along with advertising sales; see also Advertising revenues (Table 7.c)

4.c Type of newspaper sales (%)

Data on shares of particular types of newspaper copy sales, including all types of paid-for daily newspapers, unless specified otherwise

• Single copy sales: Sales of single copies in kiosks, shops, via vendors or automated distributing machines
• Subscriptions: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription for a specific period of time
• Home deliveries: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription with home delivery by other than postal services
• Postal deliveries: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription with postal delivery
• Office deliveries: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription with office delivery
• Bulk (third-party) sales: Copies sold in bulk to a third party on a regular and contractual basis and normally distributed free to the final recipient. For example, a newspaper may be sold in a bulk to a hotel for free pick up in the hotel.
• Free distribution: Distribution of newspaper copies for free

4.d Cover prices

Including a range of cover prices of daily newspapers on weekdays

• Cover price of a single copy: A nominal retail price per copy; usually printed on the newspaper’s front page
• Cover price of subscription: The price of subscription divided by number of editions in a subscription period

5. Newspaper reach, readership and media consumption

5.a Newspaper reach (%)

Including data on daily newspaper reach, unless specified otherwise

• Newspaper reach: A percentage of a given audience exposed to a newspaper over a given period of time

5.b Age structure of readership

Including data on readership of daily newspapers, unless specified otherwise

• Newspaper readership: Number of individuals within a target audience who read or looked at a copy of a publication within its last publication period, i.e. for a daily newspaper, yesterday, for a weekly newspaper, within the last week.

5.c Media consumption (minutes per day)

Including data on all adults and all newspapers – dailies, non-dailies, and Sundays, unless specified otherwise

• Media consumption: Average time per day spent reading newspapers or magazines, watching television, listening to the radio, or using the Internet.

5.d Number of readers

Data on total reader population

6. Online / digital publishing

6.a Online editions

• Online edition: Newspaper edition available online. See also Edition (Table 3.a)

6.b Online readership

• Unique visitor: A person who visits a website, counted only once, no matter how many times he visits the website within a specified period of time. Data on unique visitors are available on the server of particular newspaper’s website. For example, a daily New Times can go to the newspaper’s server ‘www.newtimes.com’ to look up the number of unique visitors at its domain ‘newtimes.com’, including all subdomains, such as ‘sports.newtimes.com’ or ‘culture.newtimes.com’. Newspapers that have established their websites at more than one domain, should declare unique visitors of its “brand” (also referred to as a “newspaper group”). The brand is “a consolidation of its multiple domains that has a consistent collection of branded content,” according to Nielsen/NetRatings, a global leader in Internet media and market research. For example, the New Times daily will sum up the number of unique visitors at its domain 'newtimes.com' and at the domain it shares with the daily Courier, ‘newtimes-courier.com’.

6.c Top daily newspaper websites

6.d Internet subscribers and users

World Press Trends uses the data from the International Telecommunications Union: http://www.itu.int

• Internet subscribers: The number of dial-up, leased line and broadband Internet subscribers (ITU – International Telecommunications Union definition)
• Internet user: Anyone in capacity to use the Internet (Internet World Stats definition)

6.e Broadband Internet

World Press Trends uses the data from the International Telecommunications Union: http://www.itu.int

• Broadband subscribers: The sum of DSL (digital subscriber line), cable modem and other broadband subscribers (ITU definition), as supplied by the Internet service provider and/or the official telecom regulator in each country.
• Broadband: A sufficient bandwidth to permit combined provision of voice, data and video. Speed should be greater than 256 kbps, as the sum of capacity in both directions (ITU definition).

7. Advertising

7.aa Gross domestic product

World Press Trends uses the data from the World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org

• Gross domestic product: The total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year.

7.ab Gross domestic product per capita

World Press Trends uses the data from the World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org

• Gross domestic product per capita: The gross domestic product of a country divided by its total population.

7.ac Ad spend as a % of GDP

World Press Trends uses the data from ZenithOptimedia: http://www.zenithoptimedia.com/

• Ad spend (advertising expenditure) as a % of GDP: Share of total annual advertising expenditure in the country of its gross domestic product (GDP)

7.ba Advertising expenditure per medium

World Press Trends uses the data from ZenithOptimedia: http://www.zenithoptimedia.com/

• Advertising expenditure: Sum of money spent on advertising in different types of media, either including or excluding the cost of producing the advertisements.
• Others: Transport, direct mail, video etc., or a combination of any of those media if only available as a total figure.

7.c Advertising revenues

• Advertising revenue: Revenue realized from the sale of advertising; one of the two main sources of newspaper revenues, along with sales of newspaper copies; see also Copy sales revenue (Table 4.b)
• Gross advertising revenue: Advertising revenue including discounts negotiated between advertisers/advertising agencies and media owners, and advertising agency commission
• Net advertising revenue: Advertising revenue excluding discounts negotiated between advertisers/advertising agencies and media owners, and advertising agency commission
• Rate card: A price-list issued by media owners for different space sizes or time lengths.

7.e Contribution of display, classified, insert and online advertising to total advertising revenue (%)

Including data for dailies, unless specified otherwise

• Display advertisement: A bordered advertisement, usually incorporating graphics, headline and text copy.
• Classified advertising: Advertising sold by line, word, or column inch, and semi-display advertisements on classified pages.
• Insert: An item inserted into a newspaper, either loose or bound in.
• Online advertising: Advertisements delivered to Internet users via websites, ad-supported software and Internet-enabled cellphones.

7.f Top newspaper advertising categories

Including data for dailies, unless specified otherwise

World Press Trends uses the data from ZenithOptimedia:  http://www.zenithoptimedia.com/

7.g Top newspaper advertisers

Including data for all newspapers – dailies, non-dailies, and Sundays, unless specified otherwise

World Press Trends uses the data from ZenithOptimedia: http://www.zenithoptimedia.com/

8. Publishers and newspapers

8.a Top publishing companies

8.ba Top paid-for dailies

• Circulation: see (Table 3.b)
• Readership: see (Table 5.b)

Newspaper format: Size of newspaper pages

• Broadsheet: a page of minimum dimensions of 53x33 cm (21x13 inches)
• Tabloid: a page approximately half the size of a broadsheet newspaper
• Berliner: a page 47x31.5 cm
• Rheinisch: a page 51x35 cm
• Nordic: a page 57x40 cm
• Belgian: a page 52x33.6 cm
• International standard paper sizes
  A2: a page 420x594 mm, or 16.54x23.39 inches
  A3: a page 297x420 mm, or 11.69x16.54 inches
  A4: a page 210x297 mm, or 8.27x11.69 inches
  B3: a page 353x500 mm, or 13.90x19.68 inches

8.bb Top free dailies

• Circulation: see (Table 3.b)
• Readership: see (Table 5.b)
• Newspaper format: Size of newspaper pages, see (Table 8.ba)

9. Employment and salaries

9.a Employment

Including data for all newspapers – dailies, non-dailies, Sundays, unless specified otherwise

• Total number of journalists:
  Number of journalists working for newspapers, both full-time and part-time.
• Total number of employees:
  Number of managers and staff employees working for newspapers, both on editorial and business side, full-time and part-time.

11. Research

Conducted by independent organisations not operated by the newspapers themselves unless stated otherwise.

12. Taxes

• Standard value added tax (VAT): VAT on single copy sales, subscription sales, advertising, newsprint, composition, plant
• Other taxes: tax on profits, tax concessions
• Value added tax: A consumption tax that is levied at each stage of production based on the value added to the product at that stage.
• Tax on profits: A fee charged by a government on company profits.
• Tax concession: Reduced tax

13. Subsidies

13.b Direct subsidies

• Subsidy: A form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector. This can be used to support businesses that might otherwise fail or to encourage activities that would otherwise not take place; also referred to as a subvention.

15. Ownership

15.b Cross-media ownership restrictions